Hip Hip Essay -- essays research papers fc

The Introduction Hip hop as a ding an sich is marked by some confusion. Consider the name; is it "hip hop," "hip-hop" or "hiphop"? You will see all three used in titles in this bibliography. Hip hop is, at the same time, a cultural phenomenon that developed in the late 70's in the projects in Brooklyn and the Bronx, and a musical style from that phenomenon. Nevertheless, hip hop has become a pervasive element of popular culture, as witnessed by this bibliography. There are hip hop exercise videos, children's books as well as books, magazines, magazine articles and theses about it. Before we get to the bibliography, a brief hip hop history is in order. Hip hop began in the mid- to late 70's, but its roots are much older (indeed, hip hop's use of music from other genres is reflected in Renaissance parody masses). According to one source, the roots of this phenomenon are in Jamaica in the 40's. By the 60's, it was common to find "sounds", or a truck fitted with sound equipment parked at a street corner, playing American rhythm & blues records for the people in the neighborhood. Some of these DJs included Coxson Dodd, Prince Buster, and Duke Reid. By the 1970's this phenomenon was to be found in the US, particularly in the Farragut Projects in Brooklyn, NY. Some of these early DJs were Maboya, Plummer and Kool DJ D, who played mostly disco music. Another of these early figures, Kool Herc, emigrated to the States from Jamaica and settled in the Bronx with his sound system he called "the Herculords." In contrast to some of the other figures, Kool Herc focused on rhythm & blues and funk records. Another of Kool Herc's innovations was to play only the "break," or the musical material between the verses of a song, repeating that break again and again. He did this using two turntables mounted with the same record. This came to be called "break-beat deejaying." People began to perform "strange, acrobatic twisting dance routines" to these episodes that came to be called "break dances."2 Kool Herc eventually hired someone to "MC" these parties. This person would talk to the crowd between the songs to keep the party going. This was the beginning of "rapping." DJ Hollywood, one of the early MC's at Kool Herc's parties would use rhyming verses in his rap... ..., ed. Drumvoices. University of Illinois, Edwardsville, Illinois, 2004. Contains "The Hip Hop Nation as a Site of African American Cultural and Historical Memory" by James Spady. Roberts, John W. From hucklebuck to hip-hop: social dance in the African-American community in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Pa.: Odunde, 1995. Sansevere, John R. Post-bop hip-hop: a tribe called Quest. [Racine, Wis.]: Western Pub. Co., 1993. Sexton, Adam., ed. Rap on rap: straight-up talk on hip-hop culture. New York: Delta, 1995. Shabazz, Julian L. D. The United States of America vs. hip-hop. Hampton, VA: United Bros. Pub. Co., 1992. Shaw, Arnold. Black popular music in America : from the spirituals, minstrels, and ragtime to soul, disco, and hip-hop. New York: London: Schirmer Books; Collier Macmillan, 1986. Shomari, Hashim A. From the underground : hip hop culture as an agent of social change. Fanwood, NJ: X-Factor Publications, 1995. Smash, Nick. Hip hop 86-89. Woodford Green, Essex, England: International Music Publications, 1990. Illustrated. Spady, James G., and Joseph D. Eure. Nation conscious rap. AfroAmericanization of knowledge series; 3. New York: PC International Press, 1991.

Why Standardized Tests Are Ineffective at Measuring a Student’s Capabilities

A Test Destined For Failure In America, standardized testing has become a prevalent method for testing the educational ability of students. Tests such as the SAT for College and the California STAR for elementary and junior high students have been administered since the beginning of the 20th century. These tests are often considered by many as crucial for the academic progression of students into further education, such as an elementary student being promoted from third to fourth grade or a high school senior applying to college. However, standardized tests have setbacks which could jeopardize a student’s future academic progression given he/she fails to pass. Therefore, I believe standardized tests are ineffective at measuring a student’s capabilities and hence interfere with true academic learning. Standardized tests assess the capability of the student to react to the test in an appropriate manner. It does not factor in true knowledge retention, the key element to a successful academic exam. Students who are faced with any form of disadvantage are most drastically affected by the consequences of standardized testing. The National Center for Fair and Open Testing (FairTest) calls these tests â€Å"very inaccurate and encourage the use of overly academic, developmentally inappropriate primary schooling. † â€Å"Inappropriate schooling† is described as â€Å"schooling not appropriate to the child's emotional, social or intellectual development and to the variation in children's development. † Students who are incapable of possessing necessary test-taking skills such as focusing for long durations, budgeting time, etc†¦ fail these tests while their true knowledge of the material may prove otherwise. Students who rely on rote memorization and superficial knowledge pass the test when in fact they should not. Standardized tests are commonly and widely criticized for their bias towards children of â€Å"privileged background[s]† who more likely than others possess â€Å"a set of knowledge and skills† that result in higher scores. Alfie Kohn, an author on education writes â€Å"affluent families, schools, and districts are better able to afford [test preparation materials], and the most effective versions of such [materials]. It is fair to say then, that those receiving a poorer quality education will be at a significant disadvantage compared to those who can or already received quality instruction and education related to the test. Charles Murray, a former Harvard graduate writes in his article â€Å"Abolish the SAT† for the journal The American,† The SAT test isn't the problem. The children of the well educated and affluent get most of the top scores bec ause they constitute most of the smartest kids. They are smart not because their parents are well educated, but because their parents are smart. † Murray summarizes his whole point with a bold claim, â€Å"if you’re rich, you can buy your kids a high SAT score. † Although the topic of standardized testing is widely debated and argued, the notion of such an important test with many innate flaws existing in the education system is shocking and appalling to many. Standardized tests were created to assess a student’s true academic potential. However, the variables and factors that influence these tests cause standardized testing throughout the world to be ineffective at that task. Works Cited FairTest. â€Å"How Standardized Testing Damages Education. † FairTest. The National Center for Fair and Open Testing, 20 Aug. 2007. Web. 9 Sept. 2011. . Kohn, Alfie. â€Å"Standardized Testing and Its Victims. † Education Week. Alfie Kohn, 27 Sept. 2000. Web. 9 Sept. 2011. . Murray, Charles. â€Å"Abolish the SAT. † The American. The Journal of the American Enterprise Institute, July 2007. Web. 9 Sept. 2011. .

What to Wear on the First Day of School

Its time to start thinking about your first day at private school. What do you wear? Weve got some essential tips and tricks to help your first day go smoothly.   First, Check on the Dress Code It doesnt matter what grade your child is in, kindergarten or high school, many private schools have dress codes. The first thing you want to do is check to make sure the clothes you buy fit these requirements. Specific slacks or shirts with collars are common, and even colors can be dictated at times, so be sure youre in accordance with the guidelines. Not sure what they are? Check out the schools website, which will often have information for families. If you cant find it there, ask the student life office or check with admission, and someone can point you in the right direction.   Dress in Layers You may want to dress in layers, even if you dont have a dress code that requires it (many private schools require blazers). Bring a light jacket, cardigan, or even a vest to wear, as some rooms can get chilly with the air conditioning on, while others may not have air conditioning all. If  youve just lugged a backpack across campus in 80-degree heat, well, youre going to want to be wearing something lightweight and cool once you get settled.   Make Sure Everything Fits Well This may seem obvious but is often overlooked. The first day of school is stressful enough, trying to find the right classrooms and where to eat lunch, so having to constantly pull at a shirt that is too tight or pants that are too loose can be a huge distraction. Avoid showing too much skin or wearing overly baggy clothing, too. Looking neat and clean is the way to go.   Try your clothes on before the first day of school and make sure it fits well, feels good, and isnt going to distract you.  Especially when kids are growing, parents may tend to buy clothes that the children can grow into, but for the first day of school, being comfortable and having clothes fit well is crucial. The last thing you want to do is get embarrassed in front of students at a new school after tripping on your pants that are too long, so parents, be sure to help out on this one! Wear Comfortable Shoes Again, make sure to check on the dress code at your school first to make sure your shoes are within the given guidelines, as some schools ban sneakers, flip-flops, open-toed shoes, and even certain kinds of hiking boots. But, the most important thing, after adhering to guidelines, is to make sure your shoes are comfortable. This is especially important if youre going to a boarding school or private school with a large campus. You may find that you have to walk a distance in between classes, and shoes that hurt your feet can be a real pain (literally!) and can affect your ability to get where you need to go on time, and in a good mood. If you get new shoes for school, be sure to wear them throughout the summer and break them in.   Dont Go Crazy With Jewelry or Accessories Some students want to make sure they stand out and look the part but leave your Harry Potter cape at home, and stick with the basics. Dont go overboard with accessories and jewelry either. Constantly clinking bracelets on your arm or jingling bells for earrings can be a distraction to you and those around you. Younger students may be even more at risk for distractions by playing with things like  scarves or bejeweled items. Simple and classic is ideal for the first day, no matter what age. Avoid Heavy Colognes or Perfumes​ This one may be more for  high school students, but skip the extra dose of perfume, cologne or after-shave. Too many scents mixed together in one room can be a distraction and can give you a headache. Its best to keep the scented stuff to a minimum.

Fieldwork in Various Anthropological Schools of Thought Essay

Cultural anthropology is a social science that studies the origins and development of human societies (History World International, 2001). Many theories to explain cultural variations among humans have emerged. As a result, numerous anthropological schools of thought have been established based on these theories since the nineteenth century. These schools of thought encompass the dominant beliefs about culture during a time period and are constantly changing as new knowledge is acquired. As schools of thought develop, ethnographic methods have changed and developed as well. Fieldwork is an ethnographic method that has been implemented in all anthropological schools of thought. It involves gathering data and information about a specific†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, scholars, like Lewis Henry Morgan, did their own fieldwork to study and understand societies. However, scientific methods for collecting data were not developed until decades later. As a result, Morganâ €™s studies have been criticized for being too vast and superficial, as well as having fundamental errors in the interpretation of the data (Tooker, 1992). Ethnographic methods during this time were basic at best and were of little concern to the cultural evolutionists. Franz Boas was one of the first anthropologists to reject the theories of the cultural evolutionists in the beginning of the twentieth century (History World International, 2001). Although he recognized the role of evolution in ancestry, he found the theories of the cultural evolutionists to be scientifically unfounded. Instead, he pioneered historical particularism, the first American-born anthropological school. This school emphasized the individuality of a society and, therefore, to examine it one must look at the cultures environmental, psychological, and, most importantly, historical circumstances (McGee Warms, 2008). With the creation of a new school and his background in physical science, Boas stressed th e importance of ethnographic fieldwork for the first time. McGee and Warms (2008) state that â€Å"Boas advocated a four-field perspective that included studying prehistory, linguistics, and physicalShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose for Havard Application661 Words   |  3 Pages In 1995, I burst into tears in entrance ceremony of primary school in China. I was the only one in school who was not granted a red scarf. As a seven-year-old, I thought it was the red scarf that divided me from others. I badgered the school principal until I was finally allowed to be the first foreign student in school who owned a red scarf, only to find out that wearing a red scarf to school made little difference. Ever since, my identity has roamed somewhere between an insider and an outsiderRead MoreThroughout This Cultural Anthropology Class, One Consistent1451 Words   |  6 Pagesinitiative, the Confucius Institute. During these programs, Chinese teachers came to the United States to educate American students about Chinese culture and language, as paid for by the Chinese state. Hubbert conducted her fieldwork at one such Confucius Institute at a high school in Southern California. These programs provide an insight on definitions of the state, as well as how it is perceived b y both outsiders and insiders. This article should be included in the Cultural Anthropology syllabus becauseRead MoreAn Understanding Of Gender Perception, Gender, And Gender Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagestheories of gender in our part of the world should address is: What are the socio-cultural sources of power and authority in the region that constitute culture and regulate gender perception, gender role assignment, and gender subversion? Among the various sources of power and authority, seven stand out: history, Islam, multilingualism, orality, social organization, economic status, and political system.† II. 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It is in this time that the anthropological examinations of various social and cultu ral groups become a key tool for harmony on the global stage. It is through the dissection of data collected through fieldwork that true anthropological understanding other cultures is best achieved. This essay will reflect on the anthropological contributions of two writers who have both touched on the issues of borders and how they affect peopleRead MoreWhat is anthropology and why we should study it?1857 Words   |  8 PagesAnthropologists seek to understand both the cultural and individual bases for behavior; and how political, economic, and social factors affect both the individuals and various groups. Although statistical and other quantitative methods are used, much of Cultural Anthropology is qualitative-descriptive. Classical anthropological fieldwork requires prolonged residence (of one or more years) with a particular group in order to understand their way of life. Until World War II, Cultural Anthropology focusedRead MorePhilosophical Implications of Cultural Relativism4081 Words   |  17 Pagesreadily understandable language, supporting with reasons from other ideas, principles, and observations to establish conclusion and overcome objections. It is to understand the principle of cultural relativism by disintegrating and clarifying its various components like: 1. Research-oriented tool to tackle its opposite attitude of ‘ethnocentrism’. 2. Ethical theory in order to understand other culture in its own perspective. 3. Logical analysis to evaluate the principle for it integrity. 4. CriticalRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Articles by Russel (2005) and Brown Et Al. (2005)] Critical Evaluation of Articles by Russel (2005) and Brown Et Al. (2005)]3636 Words   |  15 PagesNottingham University Business School MSc Programmes [Research Methods for Finance and Investment] [Critical Evaluation of Articles by Russel (2005) and Brown et al. (2005)] [Konstantin Dambaev] Student ID: [4158276] Word count: 3007 (without headings), 3234 (with headings). COPY [1] It’s a question of trust: Balancing the relationship between students and teachers in ethnographic fieldwork Russell, L. 1. The researcher says that â€Å"[i]ntense observationsRead MoreDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving?7400 Words   |  30 PagesDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others Author(s): Lila Abu-Lughod Reviewed work(s): Source: American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Sep., 2002), pp. 783-790 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the American Anthropological Association Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3567256 . Accessed: 18/01/2012 15:55 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available atRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pages13, 1997 Observation 12:40 p.m. Observer’s comments There are 17 children in the room. There are 3 adults: 1 teacher, 1 classroom assistant, and 1 student teacher (the student teacher is an older woman). The room is in the basement of the school. The school is a brick building approximately 90 to 100 years old. The room is about 40 feet by 30 feet. The room is carpeted and is sectioned off by furniture. There is an area with big books and a chart in the left-hand back corner of the room. Next to

Understanding Counter Reformation Essay - 3694 Words

In order to understand the Counter Reformation one must consider the political factors and motivators behind them as well as the belief factors when examining clashes with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church during 16th century experienced a reformation that was both politically and belief driven. The Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation allowed the church to clearly define its position, eliminate unchristian practices and examine its role in world. This paper will address the political motivators of the Counter Reformation, the unchristian practices that fueled corruption and the clearly defined religious concerns of reformers. It will establish that the use of patronage and nepotism ultimately undermined the†¦show more content†¦They saw the church and its leadership filled with corruption and greed. The Renaissance popes who led the church were not spiritual leaders. Those at the top of the clergy were wealthy and lived lavish lifestyles. They indulged in nepotism, power politics and patronage. Furthermore, the priests at the bottom were poor and unable to administer to the multiple parishes in their charge. Thus it can be said that Counter Reformation was a response to a need for clarity in purpose. But also, one can also say that the Counter Reformation was a natural and necessary response to the Protestant reformation. Catholic reform was slow until after the Protestant Revolution began to make serious in roads upon the ancient faith. A variety of Protestant sects had made their ways into almost half the nations of the Europe by the 16th century. Catholics were dismayed by the great increase in unorthodoxy. Many claim that the Counter Reformation was initiated to win back lost souls. Thus it can be said that the Counter Reformation was a response to maintain and gain back the followers. (Bossy) There were a variety of movements that initiated reform within the church. The Catholic Church during the Middles Ages had lost much as a religious institution. During this period ignorance and corruption in the church was insidious. One only has to look at the church leaders in Spain as evidence. Some priest didn’t even understand the Latin in the mass, monks keptShow MoreRelatedSaint Ignatius Loyola And The Spanish Army2008 Words   |  9 Pagesthe 21st century. Nevertheless, the reading of the rules for the order of Christian life within St. Ignatius Loyola’s spiritual exercise document should be read with respect for the Roman Catholic Church , and read with the understanding of the 16th century Counter Reformation, spirituality, and scholastic learning . Saint Ignatius had a small following of six, they all had the plan of moving to the holy land and live within the imitation of Jesus Christ himself, and to work on the conversion ofRead MoreMassacre Of The Innocents By Peter Paul1415 Words   |  6 Pagesto it’s audiences, this is because of the Counter reformation, and religious turmoil that happened in Europe during this time. Counter Reformation took place after the Protestant Reformation (1517-1550), it was the government, and the church’s attempt to re catholicize people , and bring them back to church during this time the counter reformation art theory was invented. In 17th century baroque art formed itself under the influence of counter reformation art theory. The Tridentine church used artRead MoreCauses Of The Protestant Reformation1635 Words   |  7 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious movement that took place in the Western church. Having far-reaching political, economic, and s ocial effect, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Without the changes caused by the Renaissance during the fifteenth century, the Reformation would not have been possible (Haigh). Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the Catholic churchRead MoreThe Holy Family With Saints Anne And John The Baptist, 1592 ( Oil On Canvas )1296 Words   |  6 Pagessustain the beauty of counter-reformation arts in her work by use of light and shadow, delicate brushwork and accurate proportions of each subjects. Anguissola is mostly interested in portraits painting, thus this is a unique one as an exception. As one of the well-known Counter reformist works, this masterpiece depicted the interest of religion worship in order to appeal to the viewers in an expressive fashion. â€Å"The Holy Family† was done during Catholic Counter-Reformation era. The Protestants mostlyRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Catholic Church996 Words   |  4 PagesAt the dawn of the 16th century, the Catholic Church built upon the bureaucratic organization of the Roman Empire, became powerful, but also very corrupt. Calls for reformation within the Church started as early as the twelfth century. To try to resolve doctrinal issues and reform the church, nine councils were called between 1215 and 1545. However, all nine councils failed to reach any noteworthy protocol and agreement regarding the Church. The clergy was unable to follow the Church’s rules andRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation E ssay1014 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressions of the Protestant Reformation. This paper will discuss Lutheran Reformation, The Anabaptist, and The English Puritans as well as the Catholic Reformation also known as the Counter Reformation. It is the hope that after the reader has had the opportunity to view each of the characteristics and the expressions of each of the reformation the reader will have a better understanding of each and will be able to articulate the differences of each. The Protestant Reformation called the Protestant RevoltRead MoreHow Context Affects Art1074 Words   |  4 Pagesinfluence on the work’s themes, techniques, messages, etc. Without understanding the context of the era, a full understanding of the work will be impossible. A work of art can be analyzed within its historical contexts, such as historical circumstances, and contemporary art developments and trends. Most artists and their art pieces were very much influenced by the contexts they were surrounded by. The influence of the Catholic Reformation had taken place in different time periods and throughout EuropeanRead MoreThe Death Of The Black Death1487 Words   |  6 PagesItalian hearts. After this happened is when Italy started to decline. 4.Social and political conflict led to the society and religion: The reformation broke out first in the free imperial cities of Germany, Switzerland and the basic tenets of Lutheran and Zwinglian Protestantism remained visible in subsequent protestant movements. The protestant reformation occurred at a time of sharp conflict between the emerging nation-states of Europe bent within their realms and the self-governing towns andRead MoreMartin Luther Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesteachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luther on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptised the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours, after whom he was named. Luthers call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, culminatingRead MoreMartin Luther And The Catholic Church1738 Words   |  7 Pagesfounded the Lutheran religion. Through his actions he not only changed the way that millions of Christians practiced their faith both now and in the past through the Protestant Reformation, he also changed the social-political boundaries in Europe due to increased religious tensions. In order to get a better understanding of the motives behind Luther’s actions we first need to know more about him. Martin Luther was born on November 10th, 1483 in Eisleben, Saxony, which is now a part of modern Germany

Epideitic speech on overpopulation Essay Example For Students

Epideitic speech on overpopulation Essay Angela Hodgson Public Speaking Steve Martin April 27, 2005 Epideictic Speech We as individuals cannot even pretend to understand the problems with overpopulation. We do not take the time or the effort to be educated enough; therefore we do not help the prevention of future problems to keep our society as it is now. We may not do this, but I researched of three sociologists that do; Lester R Brown, Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil. These 3 men decided to put together their intelligence to try and educate America the problems that come with overpopulation. These 3 men proved their self-lessness, sincerity, and their caring TOWARDS the people of America. These 3 men showed us that with a little effort from everyone, there can be sunshine the next day. These 3 men decided to write about the darkest, deepest of situations only to have all of us, and everyone else become knowledgeable of the issues of overpopulation. These three men chose to take time out of their lives to attempt to help our nation and the lives of you and me. These 3 men help make possible the fresh air we breath, the availability of clean water to cleanse ourselves, the roofs we have over our head, just because they took the time to announce the problems with overpopulation. Because of these 3 men we have freedom to do with our lives as we choose. If these 3 men did not take the time to explain the severity of the problems, we eventually would have restricted choices. If these 3 men did not take the time to educate the people we would have no preparation for a single problem that may arise from overpopulation, this would mean utter chaos. Our nation has controlled population and prevented the problems that could have happened, now we must maintain that pride for our future generations as these three men did for us. Because of our control over population, our nation has given us the best of both worlds. We can not even imagine how life would be anywhere else; maybe it would be like living on the streets, or even in a gutter. Because our nation has such control, many people take our freedom for advantage. People need to appreciate each and everything given to us, from the chair you sit in now, to the heart that is beating in your chest. People need to appreciate that they can wake up in the morning to arrive at their job, or even at school. People need to appreciate the fact that we do not have restricting laws telling us how many children we are allowed to have, that we do not have authorities regulating our everyday decisions. People need to appreciate the education that is available for the youth today. People need to appreciate that we have the free will to voice our opinion, to vote in elections, to protest against events that we may disagree with. These are only a few of the freedoms that are taken advantage of, only because people dont imagine how life would be without them. These 3 men not only care for themselves, not only for the people, but also for our environment. These 3 men have shown to the people that they once again are self-lessness, sincere, and caring for people like you and me. Therefore in appreciation of such, we need to take their words to heart and do something about it. Our society and environment may be fine as we look around today, but if we do not take a serious look at the problems that may come from overpopulation now; we will have but no choice later. .

The War on Marijuana free essay sample

Argues for the legalization of Marijuana. This paper presents arguments in favor of the legalization of Marijuana. The author argues that legalization would benefit the economy and society by reducing crime and violence. Slowly, the old man inhales the sweet smelling smoke and instantly relaxes. Time goes by slowly, stress melts like an ice cube, and the man feels a great sense of fatigue. Finally the man can go to sleep and rest in peace. These are just a few of the reasons people smoke marijuana. By making marijuana illegal, the government is deciding for the people what is healthy for them. Decriminalizing marijuana causes more harm than good. The war on drugs seems to be failing to achieve what it is meant for. Illegalizing marijuana violates civil liberties, causes social disorder, and increases crime and violence. The best solution to reduce these problems is to legalize marijuana for medicinal and recreational use. We will write a custom essay sample on The War on Marijuana or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page